As money became a commodity, the money market became a component of the financial markets for assets involved in short-term borrowing, lending, buying and selling with original maturities of one year or less. Trading in money markets is done over the counter and is wholesale.
There are several money market instruments, including treasury bills, commercial paper, bankers' acceptances, deposits, certificates of deposit, bills of exchange, repurchase agreements, federal funds, and short-lived mortgage- and asset-backed securities. The instruments bear differing maturities, currencies, credit risks, and structure and thus may be used to distribute exposure.
Money markets, which provide liquidity for the global financial system, and capital markets make up the financial market.
Participants
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The money market consists of financial institutions and dealers in money or credit who wish to either borrow or lend. Participants borrow and lend for short periods, typically up to twelve months. Money market trades in short-term financial instruments commonly called "paper". This contrasts with the capital market for longer-term funding, which is supplied by bonds and equity.
The core of the money market consists of interbank lendingâ€"banks borrowing and lending to each other using commercial paper, repurchase agreements and similar instruments. These instruments are often benchmarked to (i.e., priced by reference to) the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) for the appropriate term and currency.
Finance companies typically fund themselves by issuing large amounts of asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP), which is secured by the pledge of eligible assets into an ABCP conduit. Examples of eligible assets include auto loans, credit card receivables, residential/commercial mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities and similar financial assets. Some large corporations with strong credit ratings, such as General Electric, issue commercial paper on their own credit. Other large corporations arrange for banks to issue commercial paper on their behalf.
In the United States, federal, state and local governments all issue paper to meet funding needs.States and local governments issue municipal paper, while the U.S. Treasury issues Treasury bills to fund the U.S. public debt:
- Trading companies often purchase bankers' acceptances to tender for payment to overseas suppliers.
- Retail and institutional money market funds
- Banks
- Central banks
- Cash management programs
- Merchant banks
Functions of the money market
Money markets serve five functionsâ€"to finance trade, finance industry, invest profitably, enhance commercial banks' self-sufficiency, and lubricate central bank policies.
Financing trade
The money market plays crucial role in financing domestic and international trade. Commercial finance is made available to the traders through bills of exchange, which are discounted by the bill market. The acceptance houses and discount markets help in financing foreign trade.
Financing industry
The money market contributes to the growth of industries in two ways:
- They help industries secure short-term loans to meet their working capital requirements through the system of finance bills, commercial papers, etc.
- Industries generally need long-term loans, which are provided in the capital market. However, the capital market depends upon the nature of and the conditions in the money market. The short-term interest rates of the money market influence the long-term interest rates of the capital market. Thus, money market indirectly helps the industries through its link with and influence on long-term capital market.
Profitable investment
The Money Market enables the commercial banks to use their excess reserves in profitable investment. The main objective of the commercial banks is to earn income from its reserves as well as maintain liquidity to meet the uncertain cash demand of the depositors. In the money market, the excess reserves of the commercial banks are invested in near-money assets (e.g., short-term bills of exchange), which are easily converted into cash. Thus, commercial banks earn profits without sacrificing liquidity.
Self-sufficiency of commercial bank
Developed money markets help the commercial banks to become self-sufficient. In the situation of emergency, when the commercial banks have scarcity of funds, they need not approach the central bank and borrow at a higher interest rate. On the other hand, they can meet their requirements by recalling their old short-run loans from the money market.
Help to central bank
Though the central bank can function and influence the banking system in the absence of a money market, the existence of a developed money market smooths the functioning and increases the efficiency of the central bank.
Money markets help central banks in two ways:
- Short-run interest rates serve as an indicator of the monetary and banking conditions in the country and, in this way, guide the central bank to adopt an appropriate banking policy,
- Sensitive and integrated money markets help the central bank secure quick and widespread influence on the sub-markets, thus facilitating effective policy implementation
Money market instruments
- Certificate of deposit â€" Time deposit, commonly offered to consumers by banks, thrift institutions, and credit unions.
- Repurchase agreements â€" Short-term loansâ€"normally for less than one week and frequently for one dayâ€"arranged by selling securities to an investor with an agreement to repurchase them at a fixed price on a fixed date.
- Commercial paper â€" Short term usanse promissory notes issued by company at discount to face value and redeemed at face value
- Eurodollar deposit â€" Deposits made in U.S. dollars at a bank or bank branch located outside the United States.
- Federal agency short-term securities â€" In the U.S., short-term securities issued by government sponsored enterprises such as the Farm Credit System, the Federal Home Loan Banks and the Federal National Mortgage Association. Money markets is heavily used function.
- Federal funds â€" In the U.S., interest-bearing deposits held by banks and other depository institutions at the Federal Reserve; these are immediately available funds that institutions borrow or lend, usually on an overnight basis. They are lent for the federal funds rate.
- Municipal notes â€" In the U.S., short-term notes issued by municipalities in anticipation of tax receipts or other revenues
- Treasury bills â€" Short-term debt obligations of a national government that are issued to mature in three to twelve months
- Money funds â€" Pooled short-maturity, high-quality investments that buy money market securities on behalf of retail or institutional investors
- Foreign exchange swaps â€" Exchanging a set of currencies in spot date and the reversal of the exchange of currencies at a predetermined time in the future
- Short-lived mortgage- and asset-backed securities
Discount and accrual instruments
There are two types of instruments in the fixed income market that pay interest at maturity, instead of as couponsâ€"discount instruments and accrual instruments. Discount instruments, like repurchase agreements, are issued at a discount of face value, and their maturity value is the face value. Accrual instruments are issued at face value and mature at face value plus interest.
See also
References
External links
- "Money Market Funds Enter a World of Risk", New York Times, September 18, 2008
- Study on the identification of euro money market transactions in TARGET2
